Current Professional Information Sources.  Archivists and records managers have mostly used the World Wide Web as a means of distributing current information about professional activities and resources for practical work.  This meshes well with the intended purposes of the Web, and the Web has certainly supported a transformation in the ways that records professionals seek information about current approaches to all dimensions of records work.  Professional associations, consultants, vendors, and individuals with an interest in conveying information to their colleagues have made contributions to records work by their use of the World Wide Web.  Walt Crawford, better known in the library world as both a futurist and technologist, describes the value of these most mundane uses of the Web when he writes that “The future that I regard as most probable and most desirable grows out of the present, becoming more complex rather than less. In that future, the Web will serve libraries and archives in a multiplicity of ways-not as a replacement for buildings, physical circulating collections, and carefully conserved archives, but as a set of tools to improve current services, provide new services, and gain access to resources beyond local collections” (Crawford).  Here is where we most readily see the Web at work in the records professions, with records managers and archivists communicating generally to each other.

Some individuals have developed general clearinghouses of information intended to aid their colleagues, and these sites make important references, albeit with some limitations.  Two examples of individual initiatives can suffice to demonstrate both the potential and problems of the Web’s assets for archives and records management. Leon Miller, Manuscripts Librarian at Tulane University, created and maintains “Ready, ‘Net, Go: Archival Internet Resources,” available at http://www.tulane.edu/~lmiller/ArchivesResources.html, described as an “archival ‘meta index,’ or index of archival indexes. That is, from here we refer you to the major indexes, lists, and databases of archival resources. From them you can link to almost every archives and archival resource in the metaverse.”  There is a group of “broad, general categories,” including master lists of archives, archival tools, archival search engines, professional resources, and searching resources. “These categories correspond to the discussion of Internet archival resources in the Society of American Archivists workshop Cyberspace for Archivists.   The usefulness of this site, in fact is a model, is that it provides critical and/or descriptive comments about various sites.  For example, under professional resources is a description of the National Coordinating Committee for the Promotion of History: “Through this site archivists can keep up with political and governmental affairs in the United States as they pertain to archives and history. Since 1982, NCC has served as a national advocacy office for the historical and archival professions. This web site, sponsored by H-Net: Humanities Online, provides access to NCC legislative and policy issues briefs and back issues of NCC Washington Updates.”  Users of the Web have a sense of the resource before clicking onto it, saving substantial time in both Web browsing and searching.  Records professionals, looking for time critical information in order to solve a problem, will be happy to have such descriptions to aid them.

            At the other end of the spectrum of usefulness is Alan S. Zaben’s “Records and Information Management Resource List: Links to Records and Information Management (RIM) and Other Related Websites,” available at http://home.flash.net/~survivor/websites.htm.  This resource provides over three thousand links in 238 categories, by its own accounting, but there is no descriptive information accompanying the links or even any explanation indicating how the categories have been developed.  Many of the categories are simply assumed to be understood by the person viewing the site, such as “backups,” while are others are more cryptic.  With a click on “books” you find a book title (that is, if you knew it was a book title) and the click on the title you are linked to is an Amazon.com description of Michael J. D. Sutton’s Document Management for the Enterprise: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, hardly very useful especially if you are unaware of other books on records and document management.  Why is this book selected?  Are there other useful references on this topic?  Why is there not a link to Rick Barry’s review of this book, originally published in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49 (January 1998) and specifically targeted at records managers, available at http://www.rbarry.com/JASIS4.html?  That just listing this book without commentary is so strange can be discerned in Barry’s review: “Although one of its greatest strengths is its well crafted integration of records management considerations into the broader EDMS fabric, CIOs should not assume that the ARM professionals in their own organizations will agree with everything the book has to say about recordkeeping. That should not be a put-off however as there are both legitimate professional differences of opinion and differences in organizational needs with some of these topics. Moreover, it will be difficult to find other document management texts that seriously address these subjects at all.”  The Zaben link is an idiosyncratic Web reference, providing an equal amount of useful information and frustration.

            Not surprisingly, consultants have provided Web sites, part of the value in the Web in self-advertising.  Barry Associates (Rick Barry), available at http://www.rbarry.com/, advertises itself as working in information management and electronic records management “interdisciplinary consulting.”  Like a number of experienced consultants, Barry’s Web site includes a variety of valuable resource materials such as online publications, copies of print publications, conference presentations, and similar materials.  Barry’s Web site also includes papers by others, such as David Wallace’s 1998 Society of American Archivists presentation, “Recordkeeping and Electronic Mail Policy: The State of Thought and the State of the Practice.” There are other examples of consultants’ web sites making important contributions to the records professions.  Gregory Hunter, an Associate Professor at the Palmer School of Library and Information Science, Long Island University, since 1990 and specializing in archives and records management maintains a Web site, http://www.hunterinformation.com/professi.htm, for his consulting work.  Besides the usual information regarding his consulting, Hunter includes resources such as the “fifth edition of the Directory of Corporate Archives in the United States and Canada, published by the Society of American Archivists' Business Archives Section. This edition includes companies that maintain their historical records themselves, as well as companies that contract with historical consulting firms to maintain their archives collections for them. Those businesses that contract outside the company for archival services are marked by an asterisk. This edition also includes the archives of professional associations, as these collections document various industries and companies that may be of use to corporate archivists.”  David Bearman and Jennifer Trant, operating Archives & Museum Informatics (http://www.archimuse.com/), have long provided services to both the archives and museum professions with conferences, workshops and seminars, journals and monographs, and consulting.  Their Web site is especially valuable as it contains links to many online articles and reports.  For the records professional, particular attention should be paid to two lengthy and ground-breaking publications by David Bearman – Archival Methods, Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report #9 (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1989), available at http://www.archimuse.com/publishing/archival_methods and "Archival Strategies," American Archivist, vol. 58, p.374-407, available at http://www.archimuse.com/publishing/archival_strategies/.  These two writings pose many seminal questions about the work of the archival profession.

                Professional associations have been revitalized by the power of the World Wide Web, at least in my estimation.  After three decades of criticism of the roles of professions within society by government, scholars, and social activists, many associations have utilized the Web to provide new or improved services to its members.  This is ironic, since many advocates of the Web saw it as a great social leveler, one that would undermine the monopolistic tendencies of professional elites to control unfairly certain aspects of society.  ARMA International (http://www.arma.org/) has a mission “ to provide education, research, and networking opportunities to information professionals, to enable them to use their skills and experience to leverage the value of records, information, and knowledge as corporate assets and as contributors to organizational success.”   While offering some professional materials -- such as its Code of Ethics, a publications catalog, and annual conference program – online, ARMA is offering professional and home study courses online for fees.  ARMA’s counterpart, the Society of American Archivists (http://www.archivists.org/), “provides leadership to ensure the identification, preservation, and use of records of historical value.”  SAA provides similar services such as conference information and publications catalogs, although it offers more free online documents, especially its public advocacy statements and its education directory.  The education directory (http://www.archivists.org./prof-education/dir_part1.html) “includes brief background information on the archival profession and the text of the Masters in Archival Studies degree.  The geographical part of the directory provides contact information, description of courses offered, and a statement of philosophy for those programs providing one.” Without question this is the best resource for information about graduate archival education programs in North America, although it needs improvement.  The inclusion of philosophy statements was a step in the right direction, but the wide range of kinds of courses listed and the listing of each program as an equal to the others (no matter how many dedicated archives courses taught or how many archives faculty present) mars the usefulness of the directory.  Still, ARMA would be advised to emulate SAA and put its education directory online as a public service.

            The beauty of the World Wide Web is that it can offer so much information about organizations such as professional associations, each providing a slightly unique service and information for individuals. The National Association of Government Archives and Records Administrators (NAGARA) represents the government records community and, as such, provides an interesting connection between archivists and records managers (http://www.nagara.org/).  One of its best contributions is its collaborative technical bulletins on basic records management with The International Institute of Municipal Clerks (IIMC) “for use by municipal and county administrators who are responsible for maintaining public records and who do not have a records management specialist on staff” (http://www.nagara.org/rmbulletins/bulletins_toc.htm).  NAGARA also publishes a quarterly newsletter, The Clearinghouse, with news and reports on government records matters and provides full text of these newsletters for reference.  Another valuable resource on this Web site is its Crossroads newsletter (http://www.nagara.org/crossroads/ch.html):  “The NAGARA Committee on Electronic Records and Information Systems (CERIS) developed the Crossroads newsletter to provide members and interested collaborators with access to breaking news about developments in information policy, the management of electronic records, and citations to Web sites or recent publications or articles covering these subjects. The newsletter is published at quarterly intervals between the issuance of the NAGARA newsletter, Clearinghouse.”  The Association for Information and Image Management AIIM International (http://www.aiim.org/) “is the global industry association that connects the users and suppliers of document and business process management technologies and services.”  AIIM offers lots of information about conferences, training opportunities, and publications including a Web magazine, e-doc, about e-business and technology as well as a selected archive of online articles from its print publication, Inform, the predecessor of e-doc.  This is a particularly good source for case study materials.

It is also possible to gain a stronger international perspective on professional issues by linking to Web sites of professional associations around the world. The International Council on Archives (http://www.ica.org/cgi-bin/ica.pl?01_e) is the “professional, international, non-governmental organization representing the interests of archives and archivists world-wide. Its aims are to promote the preservation, development and use of the world’s archival heritage.”  It provides some of its publications in online versions, such as its 1997 Guide for Managing Electronic Records from an Archival Perspective (http://www.ica.org/cer/guide_0.html#top). 

The Web also enables records professionals to assess readily the resources of other national professional associations. The Society of Archivists (http://www.archives.org.uk/index2.html) “exists to promote the care and preservation of archives [in the United Kingdom] and the better administration of archive repositories to advance the training of its members and to encourage relevant research and publication.”  It also provides some online publications and reports that will interest other records professionals, such as the 1998 report Archives On-Line: The Establishment of a United Kingdom Archival Network by the National Council on Archives (http://www.archives.org.uk/index2.html).

                Records professionals can also easily browse the resources of related professional associations via the World Wide Web.  The American Society for Information Science (http://www.asis.org/)  “counts among its membership some 4,000 information specialists from such fields as computer science, linguistics, management, librarianship, engineering, law, medicine, chemistry, and education” – all “individuals who share a common interest in improving the ways society stores, retrieves, analyzes, manages, archives and disseminates information, coming together for mutual benefit.”   The Web site includes a considerable amount of reports, newsletters, conference proceedings, and other materials.  Providing full-text online access to its important research journal for members is something other professional associations should emulate. ASIS publishes many items that will be of interest to records professionals and that are available on the Web, such as “Electronic Records Research Working Meeting, May 28-30, 1997: A Report from the Archives Communityby David Bearman and Jennifer Trant and originally published in the ASIS Bulletin (http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Feb-98/bearman.html).  Another important association is EDUCAUSE, formed in 1998 from two related associations.  The “mission of EDUCAUSE (http://www.educause.edu/) is to help shape and enable transformational change in higher education through the introduction, use, and management of information resources and technologies in teaching, learning, scholarship, research, and institutional management.”  As a result of this mission, it includes considerable materials on electronic records management, such as a link to “Getting Started & Keeping Up Electronic Records Management Useful Sites List” (http://mit.edu/erm/usefulsites.html) with full-text materials (such as “Our Institutional Memory at Risk: Collaborators to the Rescue,” by Timothy J. McGovern and Helen W. Samuels from the CAUSE/EFFECT Volume 20, Number 3, Fall 1997, p. 19-21, 49-50).

            Finally, in the category of general professional resources, the World Wide Web offers an amazing ability to discover information about vendors offering services in archives and records management.  Since there are so many vendors with considerable information on the Web, I will only discuss one example, but a particularly important one for records professionals. Doculabs (http://www.doculabs.com/) is an “independent industry analyst firm specializing in e-business technologies,” “guided by the principle that both end-users and vendors benefit from impartial feedback about product strengths and limitations to make both strategic and tactical business decisions.” It claims to be “one of the first industry analyst firms to ground its research, end-user and vendor advisory services in unbiased, reality-based product assessment results,” using “benchmark methodology, combined with trend and market analysis, to help clients make the right technology investment decisions and to help vendors attack new market opportunities.”  “The company specializes in emerging technology solutions, including e-commerce, customer relationship management, content and knowledge management, fulfillment and e-billing, and e-business infrastructures.”  The Doculabs Web site includes a lot of articles and other online full-text materials that will assist records professionals and draws on the knowledge gained by Doculabs staff, such as “Doculabs challenges six myths of KM” (http://www.kmworld.com/publications/magazine/index.cfm?action=readarticle&Article_ID=627&Publication_ID=20) and “EDMS for Rent,” by James K. Watson Jr. and Richard Medina (http://www.imagingmagazine.com/db_area/archs/1999/december/img9912op.shtml).

 Records professionals will also want to bookmark the Doculabs Web site because of its many technical reports offered for sale, such as its 1998 Special Report on Records Management Products, providing a “comparison of records management systems, with a detailed discussion on the key issues and regulations facing organizations and their records management practices. Includes reviews of products from Cuadra Associates, EDUCOM Business Solutions, Information Network, IN Inc., Provenance, Inc., PSSoftware Solutions, and TOWER Software.”  This Web site is especially important since vendors play such high profile roles in the records management community, and since there are few sources where there is candid discussion about the merits or limitations of what these vendors have to offer.

            There are also important Web sites supporting the various professional listservs that have developed in the past decade or more.  Conservation OnLine: Resources for Conservation Professionals  (CoOL) (http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/) grew from the listserv Conservation DistList (whose archives can be searched at http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byform/mailing-lists/cdl/) and is a project of the Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries, intending to be a “full text library of conservation information, covering a wide spectrum of topics of interest to those involved with the conservation of library, archives and museum materials.”  It includes, for example, a long list of papers, reports, and other documents on electronic records (http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/electronic-records/) along with many other resources.  Fortunately, using the Web, it is now easy to search the past discussions on the various professional associations such as the Archives & Archivists Listserv (http://listserv.muohio.edu/archives/archives.html).

            What should be obvious from all of these resources is that they reflect both the strengths and weaknesses of the World Wide Web.  Andrew Shapiro, lawyer and expert on the Internet, in a new study of the Internet notes that the “upshot of new technology [such as represented by the Internet], then, seems to be its ability to put individuals in charge” (Shapiro, 11).  Shapiro investigates how individuals can build great resources of personally oriented information and references, although he justifiably worries whether individuals can find the best or most appropriate sources or even keep up with all the information they can link to for their personal and professional use.  There are clearly implications for information purveyors like professional associations and educators, what Richard Sclove refers to as a “cybernetic Wal-Mart effect” where “many local businesses will be unable to compete with their giant new online competitors” (Sclove quoted in Shapiro, 143).  As will be obvious from the comments that follow, this could happen in the records professions, although we have a long way to go in harnessing the power of the World Wide Web.