Instructor:  Karen F. Gracy
Office:  SIS 657
Phone:  (412) 624-7679
E-mail:  kgracy@pitt.edu

Office Hours:  Mondays, 3:30-5:00 p.m.;
                        Thursdays, 2:00-4:00 p.m.
 

Course Objectives

This course is an introduction to the theoretical foundations, history, principles, and practices of archival representation.  After completing this course, students will have gained a basic understanding of the following concepts and issues:

• The evolution of descriptive theory and practice from the nineteenth century to the present day;
  
• The principles of provenance and respect des fonds as they apply to archival arrangement and description;
• The role of descriptive standards in facilitating access to archival materials;
• The relationship between archival representation and the representation of cultural material in the allied fields of library science, information science, and museology;
• Implementation of authority control for archival collections;
• Descriptive practices for electronic records and archival moving image and sound material;
• The effectiveness of representation policies and practices.
  

By the end of the semester, students will have also gained proficiency in the following areas:

• Arrangement and description of archival collections;
• Construction of finding aids according to institutional standards (including the writing of biographical  and/or historical summaries, arrangement notes, scope notes, container listings, etc.);
• Use of SGML and the Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Document Type Definition (DTD) to translate finding aids into electronic form; 
• Creation of collection-level description of archival collections using the MAchine Readable Cataloging (MARC) standard.
  

Course Format
 
Class sessions will be conducted as a seminar, with discussions focusing on the assigned readings and occasional in-class exercises.  The instructor will lecture on key aspects of archival arrangement, description, and the development of surrogates, and will also touch upon important research in the field throughout the course.  The class will meet occasionally in the computer lab to gain hands-on experience with the creation of surrogates for archival collections (MARC records and EAD versions of finding aids).
 
In consideration of the instructor and your fellow students ...

Please turn off all electronic devices (cell phones, pagers, and PDAs) while class is in session.  If you will be using a laptop to take notes, please adjust the volume setting so that you do not disturb others.  Thank you.

Accommodations:

Students with disabilities who require special testing accommodations or other classroom modifications should notify the instructor and the Office of Disability Resources & Services (DRS) no later than the 3rd week of the term.  Students may be asked to provide documentation of their disability to determine the appropriateness of the request.  DRS is located in 216 William Pitt Union and can be contacted at 412-648-7890 (voice), 412-624-3346 (fax), and (412) 383-7355 (TTY).

Students who must miss an exam or class due to religious observance must notify the instructor ahead of time and make alternative arrangements.
 

Course Requirements

• Mandatory class attendance.  Important:  Students who miss 3 or more class meetings will fail this course.
• Participation in class discussion (30% of final grade).  Please come to class prepared to discuss the readings—each week, the instructor may ask several students to lead discussion on the required readings for that week.
• Timely completion of all assignments (a late assignment will be marked down 1/2 grade for each day it is turned in past the due date, unless prior arrangements have been made with the instructor).  Important:  Failure to complete any of the written assignments will result in a failing grade in this course. 
• Adherence to a commonly-accepted style manual for all written work (e.g., Chicago, Turabian, MLA, or APA).

• Carefully proofread your assignments for accuracy in spelling and grammatical construction—such errors do play a part in your grade, particularly if they affect the instructor's ability to understand the content or import of your writing.
• Meet with the instructor at least once in the term to discuss your progress and your work on assignments.

Policy on Academic Integrity:

Please familiarize yourself with the School of Information Science's Guidelines on Academic Integrity, found at http://www2.sis.pitt.edu/~wadmin/academics/information/_sisacint.html .  It is the student's responsibility to carefully document his or her work using the appropriate style of citation.  Be aware that plagiarism will not be tolerated, and will result in a failing grade in this course.
 

Assignments (Master's students)

Each master's student will complete a collections representation project, which will involve the production of several surrogates for the representation of a small set of archival records or historical manuscripts (approximately 2-4 linear feet).  To assist with with the selection of a collection, students will be provided with a list of collections currently waiting to be processed at area repositories during the January 16 class session.  Students are free, however, to select another reasonably sized collection located at any local repository to which they can arrange access.  Students who are currently working at local repositories may wish to consult with their supervisors to identify suitable collections.

Completion of the collection representation project will entail the following components:

1. Selecting a collection to process (during January 16 class session);
2. Attendance at an orientation session at the host institution (January 16 or January 17);
3. Developing a processing plan for the collection;
4. Arranging and describing the materials;
5. Doing background research on the collection for the preparation of the finding aid;
6. Writing a finding aid;
7. Creation of a US MARC record for the collection
8. Marking up the finding aid in SGML, using the EAD Document Type Definition; and,
9. Providing the instructor with a revised electronic version of the finding aid, MARC, and EAD records for delivery to the host repository.

In addition to the collections representation study, Master's students will choose one of the two options outlined below in order to complete the requirements for written assignments.  Students must notify the instructor of which option they have chosen by the fifth class session (February 6th) and of their specific topic by the eigth class session (February 28th).

Option 1:  Paper on Representation Policies and Practices (Master's Students)

Master's students may elect to write a 12-15 page paper analyzing the representation practices and/or policies of any archival institution to which they can arrage access (either in person or online).  Students should interview at least one persion in the repository which they have chosen, review any policies and procedures manuals used by the institution, and examine the different types of surrogates produced to represent the institution's archival holdings.  Since each repository approaches the representation of its collections somewhat differently, the issues addressed in the paper will depend upon the institution chosen.  At a minimum, however, the representation policy and practices paper should contain the following components:

    A)  Description of the institution and its holdings;

    B)  Analysis of existing policies, procedures, and practices related to collections representation;

• Descibe any existing policies or manuals related to the institution's representation program.  How effective are they?  Are they updated periodically?
• If no policies or manuals exist, describe how decisions about representation are made and how processing is carried out.

    C)  Evaluation of surrogates produced by the institution;

• What types of surrogates does the institution produce?
• What personnel are involved in the creation of these surrogates?
• Has the institution conducted studies to determine the average cost of processing a collection?
• How does the repository deliver surrogates to users?
• Has the institution studied the effectiveness of its surrogates?

    D)  Assessment of the representation program, accompanied by recommendations for improvement.

Option 2:  Literature Review (Master's Students)

Alternatively, master's students may complete a 12-15 page literature review examining some problem in the area of archival representation, or the development of archival thinking in a particular area.  This research paper should demonstrate familiarity and in-depth analysis of the existing literature.  Examples of acceptable paper topics might include:

• Provenance;
• Original order (respect des fonds);
• The suitability of finding aids for providing access to archival collections;
• Pros and cons of Encoded Archival Description as a tool for providing access to archival collections online.
  

Students who have completed work on a topic related to representation in an earlier archives course can expand on their previous work with the approval of the instructor, provided that the paper they produce for this course demonstrates a considerably wider range of reading of the appropriate professional literature and/or a more sophisticated research methodology.  Students who choose to expand on previous papers should expect to produce a paper of 18-20 pages.

Assignments (Doctoral Students)

Doctoral students must complete a piece of publishable research (minimum length of 25 pages).  Doctoral students should identify themselves and discuss the research project with the instructor in the first four weeks of the term (no later than January 30th).

Grading and Paper Deadlines for Master's Students

Assignments	Due Date	Percent of Grade
Collections Representation Study		45%
Selection of Collection (in class)	January 16, 2003
Processing Plan	February 6, 2003
Finding Aid	March 13, 2003
US MARC Record	March 27, 2003
EAD Record	April 10, 2003
Electronic Version of Finding Aid, MARC, and EAD Records	No later than April 24, 2003
Policy Paper or Research Paper	April 24, 2003	25%
Class Participation, In-Class Presentations, Exercises, and Attendance	Ongoing	30%

Grading and Paper Deadlines for Doctoral Students

Assignments	Due Date	Percent of Grade
Research Paper	April 24, 2003	70%
Class Participation, In-Class Presentations, Exercises, and Attendance	Ongoing	30%

Overview of Course

Week	Date	Topic/Activity
1	January 9th	Introduction to Course Review of Requirements
2	January 16th	Representation of Archival Collections:  History and Core Concepts; Due:  Selection of Collection (In Class)
3	January 23rd	(Instructor out of town) Representation of Museum Collections Guest Lecturer:  Dr. Bernadette Callery
4	January 30th	Representation of Archival Collections: Arrangement Due:  Paper Topic (Doctoral Students Only)
5	February 6th	Representation of Archival Collections:  Description; Costs of Processing Due:   Processing Plan;            Option for Paper (Master's              Students Only)
6	February 13th	Representation of Archival Collections:  Tools for Description and Their Efficacy
7	February 20th	The Role of Standards in Archival Description
8	February 27th	Representation of Library Collections Guest Lecturer:  Daniel Joudrey Due:  Paper Topic (Master's                     Students Only)
	March 6th	No Class (Spring Break)
9	March 13th	Authority Control in the Archival Environment Due:  Finding Aid
10	March 20th	MARC for Archival Collections
11	March 27th	Encoded Archival Description: History, DTD, and Administrative Decisions Guest Lecturer:  Kate Colligan Due: MARC Record
12	April 3rd	Encoded Archival Description: Technical Decisions and Implementation Guest Lecturer:  Elizabeth Shaw
13	April 10th	Archives on the Web Due:  EAD Record (Electronic and Paper Versions)
14	April 17th	Representation of Electronic Records
Finals Week	April 24th	Representation of Moving Image and Sound Materials; Studies in Archival Representation and Future Research Needs Due: 1) Electronic Versions of Finding Aid, MARC Record, EAD Record 2) Final Paper

Course Readings

Required texts are:

1. Steven L. Hensen, Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts:  A Cataloging Manual for Archival Repositories, Historical Societies, and Manuscript Libraries, 2nd ed. (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1989).  Z695.2 H46 1989
2. Fredric M. Miller, Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1990).  Z695.2 M55 1990
3. Encoded Archival Description Working Group of the Society of American Archivists, Encoded Archival Description Tag Library: Version 2002 (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 2002).  (http://www.loc.gov/ead/tglib/index.html;  version 1.0 in library: Z 695.2 S67 1998).
4. Encoded Archival Description Working Group of the Society of American Archivists, Encoded Archival Description Application Guidelines:  Version 1.0 (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1999).  Z 695.2 S63 1999.  Available online at http://www.loc.gov/ead/ag/aghome.html
5. Michael J. Fox and Peter Wilkerson, Introduction to Organization and Description:  Access to Cultural Heritage (Los Angeles:  Getty, 1999).  Available online at:  http://www.schistory.org/getty/index.html .

Detailed Class Schedule with Assigned Readings
 

January 9th:  Introduction to Course; Review of Requirements; Representation Resources

January 16th:  Representation of Archival Collections:  History and Core Concepts

Due:  Selection of Collection to be Processed (In Class)

Required Readings:

    Terry Cook, "The Concept of Archival Fonds:  Theory, Description, and Provenance in the Post Custodial Era," Archivaria 35 (Spring 1993):  24-37; and in Archival Fonds:  From Theory to Practice, Terry Eastwood, ed., (Ottawa:  Bureau of Canadian Archivists, 1992):  31-85.  CD950 A65 1992

    Michael J. Fox and Peter Wilkerson, Introduction to Organization and Description:  Access to Cultural Heritage (Los Angeles:  Getty, 1999).  Available online at:  http://www.schistory.org/getty/index.html .

    Chris Hurley, "Problems with Provenance," Archives and Manuscripts 23.2 (Nov. 1995):  234-59.

    Frederic Miller, Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1990).  Chapter 1:  Introduction, and Chapter 3:  Basic Archival Principles. Z 695.2 M55 1990

    Robert D. Reynolds, Jr., "The Incunabula of Archival Theory and Practice in the United States:  J.C. Fitzpatrick's Notes on the Care, Cataloguing, Calendaring, and Arranging of Manuscripts and the Public Archives Commission's Uncompleted 'Primer of Archival Economy,'" American Archivist 54 (Fall 1991):  466-82.

Recommended Scanning:

    Richard C. Berner, Archival Theory and Practice in the United States:  A Historical Analysis (Seattle:  University of Washington Press, 1983).  Chapters 1-6.  CD 3021. B47 1983

    Hilary Jenkinson, Manual of Archive Administration , 2nd ed. (London:  Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., 1966).  Part II.  CD 950 J52 1937 (Hillman Non-Circulating)

    S. Muller, J.A. Feith, and R Fruin, Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives, trans. Arthur H. Leavitt (New York:  H.W. Wilson, 1968).  CD 952 M95 1968

    David A. Bearman and Richard H. Lytle, "The Power of the Principle of Provenance," Archivaria 21 (Winter 1985-86):  14-27.

January 23rd:    Representation of Museum Collections

Guest speaker:  Dr. Bernadette Callery, Museum Librarian, Carnegie Museum of Natural History

Required Readings:

    Esther Bierbaum, "Records and Access:  Museum Registration and Library Cataloging," Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 9.1 (19 88):  97-111.

    Paul Eisloeffel and Lisa Gavin.  "Archival Materials," in The History Museum:  A Strategy For Their Management .  AASLH technical leaflet. No. 179, 1992.  Also published in History News 47:3 (May/June 1992).

    Katherine Spiess and Philip Spiess, "Museum Collections," in The Museum:  A Reference Guide, ed. by Michael Steven Shapiro (New York:  Greenwood Press, 1990):  141-66.  Z 5052 M93 1990

January 30th:   Representation of Archival Collections:  Arrangement

Due:  Paper Topic (Doctoral Students)

Required Readings:

    Megan Floyd Desnoyers, "When Is a Collection Processed?" Midwestern Archivist 7.1 (1982):  5-23.

    Terry Eastwood, "Putting the Parts of the Whole Together:  Systematic Arrangement of Archives," Archivaria 50 (Fall 2000):  93-116.

    Oliver W. Holmes, "Archival Arrangement:  Five Different Operations at Five Different Levels," American Archivist 27 (January 1964):  21-41.

    Miller, Chapter 5:  Arrangement and Description:  General Considerations (45-56).

Recommended Scanning:

    Frank Boles, "Disrespecting Original Order," American Archivist 45 (Winter 1982):  26-32.

    Uli Haller, "Processing for Access," American Archivist 48 (Fall 1985):  400-15.

    Thomas Wilsted, Computing the Total Cost of Archival Processing, Technical Leaflet Series no. 2 (n.p.:  Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference, 1989).  CD 971 W54 1989

February 6th:    Representation of Archival Collections:  Description; Costs of Processing

    Due:  Processing Plan and Choice of Paper Topic (Master's Students)

Required Readings:

    Chris Hurley, "The Making and the Keeping of Records:  (1) What Are Finding Aids For?" Archives and Manuscripts 26.1 (May 1998):  58-77.

    Miller, Chapter 8:  Description:  The Nature of Archival Information (80-87).

Read one of the research studies below as assigned:

    Terry Abraham, Stephen E. Balzarini, and Anne Frantilla, "What is Backlog is Prologue:  A Measurement of Archival Processing," American Archivist 48 (Winter 1985):  31-44.

    Paul Ericksen and Robert Shuster, "Beneficial Shocks:  The Place of Processing—Cost Analysis in Archival Administration," American Archivist 58.1 (Winter 1995):  32-52.

    Uli Haller, "Variations in the Processing Rates on the Magnuson and Jackson Senatorial Papers," American Archivist 50 (Winter 1987):  100-109.

    William Maher, "Measurement and Analysis of Processing Costs in Academic Archives," College and Research Libraries 43 (1982):  59-67.

February 13th:    Representation of Archival Collections:  Tools for Description and Their Efficacy

Required Readings:

    Miller, Chapter 9:  Descriptive Tools (88-108).

    Fredric Miller, "Use, Appraisal, and Research:  A Case Study of Social History," American Archivist 49 (Fall 1986):  371-392.

    Jacqueline Goggin, "The Indirect Approach:  A Study of Scholarly Users of Black and Women's Organizational Records in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division," Midwestern Archivist 11 (1986):  57-67.

    Helen R. Tibbo and Lokman I. Meho, "Finding Finding Aids on the World Wide Web," American Archivist 64 (Spring/Summer 2001):  61-77.

Review one of the following sets as assigned:

    National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC) (Washington, D.C.:  Library of Congress. 1993 ed. Z 6620 U5 N3 (Hillman Non-Circulating)

    Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), http://lcweb.loc.gov/coll/nucmc/nucmc.html

    National Inventory of Documentary Sources (NIDS) CD 3023. N37 1985 (Hillman 2nd Floor Non-Circulating)

    National Historical Publicatons and Records Commission, Directory of Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the United States (Phoenix:  Oryx Press, 1988).  CD 3020.D49 1988 (IS Library Non-Circulating)

    Women's History Sources: A Guide to Archives and Manuscript Collections in the United States (New York:  Bowker, 1979). Z 7964.U49 H56 (Hillman Non-Circulating)

    Vatican Archives:  An Inventory and Guide to Historical Documents of the Holy See (New York:  Oxford University Press, 1998).  CD 1586 1998 (Hillman Non-Circulating).

February 20th:    The Role of Standards in Archival Description

Required Reading:

    Canadian-U.S. Taskforce on ARchival Description, "Statement of Principles for the CUSTARD Project," http://www.archivists.org/news/custardproject.asp

    Wendy Duff and Kent Haworth, "Advancing Archival Description:  A Model for Rationalising North American Descriptive Standards," Archives and Manuscripts 25.2 (Nov. 1997):  194-217.

    Steven L. Hensen, "Standards for the Exchange of Descriptive Information on Archival and Manuscript Material in the United States," Archivaria 34 (Summer 1992):  272-78.

    William E. Landis, "Nuts and Bolts:  Implementing Descriptive Standards to Enable Virtual Collections," Journal of Archival Organization 1.1 (2002):  81-92.

    Miller, Chapter 10:  Descriptive Standards (109-123).

    Hugo L.P. Stibbe, "Archival Descriptive Standards and the Archival Community:  A Retrospective, 1996," Archivaria 41 (Spring 1996):  259-274.

Case Study:

    Jean E. Dryden, Implementing Descriptive Standards at the United Church Central Archives:  A Case Study in Automated Techniques for Archives (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1997). CD 973.D3 D78 1997

Recommended Scanning:

    "Report of the Working Group on Standards for Archival Description," American Archivist 52 (Fall 1989):  440-61, and related articles in same issue, 504-26.

    Canadian Working Grouip on Archival Descriptive Standards, Toward Descriptive Standards (Ottawa:  Bureau of Canadian Archivists, 1985).  Z695.2 B87 1985

    Victoria Irons Walch, Standards for Archival Description:  A Handbook (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1994). Z 695.2 W35 1994

    Special issue on archival descriptive standards in Library Trends 36 (Winter 1988).

    Special issue on archival descriptive standards in Archivaria 34 (Summer 1992).

    "Standards for Archival Description:  Background Papers," American Archivist 53 (Winter 1990):  24-108.

February 27th:  Representation of Library Collections

Due:  Paper Topic (Master's Students) 

Guest speaker:  Daniel Joudrey, Ph.D. Student, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Pittsburgh

Required Readings:

    Charles A. Cutter, "Rules for a Dictionary Catalog:  Selections," in Foundations of Cataloging:  A Sourcebook, ed. Michael Carpenter and Elaine Svenonius (Littleton, Colo.:  Libraries Unlimited, 1985):  62-71.  Z 693 F68 1985

    Ronald Hagler, The Bibliographic Record and Information Technology, 3rd ed. (Chicago:  American Library Association, 1997).  Read pp. 1-94.  Z 699.35 M28 H34 1997

    Seymour Lubetzky, "The Objectives of the Catalog," in Foundations of Cataloging:  A Sourcebook , ed. Michael Carpenter and Elaine Svenonius (Littleton, Colo.:  Libraries Unlimited, 1985):  90-103.   Z 693 F68 1985

    Andrew D. Osborn, "The Crisis in Cataloging," in Foundations in Cataloging:  A Sourcebook , ed. Michael Carpenter and Elaine Svenonius (Littleton, Colo.:  Libraries Unlimited, 1985):  186-194.  Z 693 F68 1985

    Barbara B. Tillet, "The History of Linking Devices," Library Resource & Technical Services 36 (1992):  23-36.

Recommended Scanning:

    Walt Crawford, "The Card Catalog and Digital Libraries:  What's Obsolete and What's Not in the Age of Information," American Libraries (Jan. 1999):  52-57.

    Arlene G. Taylor, The Organization of Information (Englewood, Colo.:  Libraries Unlimited, 1999).  Chapters 1-2.  Z 666.5 T39 1999

March 6th:    No Class (Spring Break)

March 13th:  Authority Control in the Archival Environment

Due:  Finding Aid

Required Reading:

    Elizabeth Black, Authority Control:  A Manual for Archivists ([Ottawa]:  Planning Committe on Descriptive Standards, Bureau of Canadian Archivists, 1991.  Z 693.3 A88 B53 1991

    Jackie M. Dooley, "Subject Indexing in Context," American Archivist 55 (Spring 1992):  344-54.

    Steven L. Hensen, Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts:  A Cataloging Manual for Archival Repositories, Historical Societies, and Manuscript Libraries, 2nd ed. (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1989).  Chapters 2-6 (37-140).  Z 695.2 H46 1989

    Marion Matters, "Authority Work for Transitional Catalogs," in Describing Archival Materials:  The Use of the MARC AMC Format, ed. Richard P. Smiraglia (New York:  Haworth Press, 1990).  Originally published as Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 11.3-4 (1990). Z 699.5 A7D47 1990

    Richard P. Smiraglia, "Subject Access to Archival Matierals Using LCSH," in Describing Archival Materials:  The Use of the MARC AMC Format, ed. Richard P. Smiraglia (New York:  Haworth Press, 1990).  Originally published as Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 11.3-4 (1990). Z 699.5 A7D47 1990

    Hugo Stibbe, "Implementing the Concept of Fonds:  Primary Access Point, Multilevel Description, and Authority Control," Archivaria 34 (Summer 1992):  109-37.

    Edward Swanson, "Choice and Form of Access Points According to AACR2," in Describing Archival Materials:  The Use of the MARC AMC Format, ed. Richard P. Smiraglia (New York:  Haworth Press, 1990).  Originally published as Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 11.3-4 (1990). Z 699.5 A7D47 1990

Recommended Scanning:

    Art and Architecture Thesaurus [AAT], http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat

    Library of Congress Subject Headings [LCSH], LC 26.7 (Hillman Non-Circulating, latest edition kept on Reference Desk dictionary stand)

    Library of Congress Thesaurus for Graphic Materials [LCTGM], http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm1 and http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm2 .

    Medical Subject Headings [MeSH] Z 695.1 M48 U52c (Falk Library--200 Scaife Hall, non-circulating; also online at http://purl.access.gop.gov/GPO/LPS5102 )

March 20th:  MARC for Archival Collections

Class held in 828 Lab

Required Reading:

    Deborah J. Byrne, MARC Manual:  Understanding and Using MARC Records, 2nd ed. (Englewood, Colo.:  Libraries Unlimited, 1998).  Chapters 1-5, 10 (1-127, 209-227).  Z 699.35 M28 B97 1998

    Marion E. Matters, Introduction to the USMARC Format for Archival and Manuscripts Control (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1990).  Z699.35 M28 B97 1990

    Lisa Weber, "Record Formatting:  MARC AMC," in Describing Archival Materials:  The Use of the MARC AMC Format , ed. Richard P. Smiraglia (New York:  Haworth Press, 1990).  Originally published as Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 11.3-4 (1990). Z 699.5 A7D47 1990

Recommended Scanning:

    Library of Congress, MARC Standards, http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc

    Lyn Martin, "Viewing the Field:  A Literature Review and Survey of the Use of MARC AMC in U.S. Academic Archives," American Archivist 57 (Summer 1994):  482-97.

    Special issue on the MARC AMC format, American Archivist 49 (Winter 1986).

    Elizabeth Yakel, "Pushing MARC to Its Limits:  The Vatican Archives Project," American Archivist 55 (Winter 1992):  192-201.

March 27th:  Encoded Archival Description (History, DTD, and Administrative Decisions)

Class held in 828 Lab

Due: MARC Record

Guest speaker:  Kate Colligan, Associate Archivist, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

Required Reading:

    Janice E. Ruth, "Encoded Archival Description:  A Structural Overview," American Archivist 60 (Summer 1997): 310-329.

    EAD DTD Home Page, http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/

    Encoded Archival Description Working Group of the Society of American Archivists, Encoded Archival Description Application Guidelines:  Version 1.0 (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 1999). Z 695.2 S63 1999, http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/ead/eadagweb.html

    Encoded Archival Description Working Group of the Society of American Archivists, Encoded Archival Description Tag Library: Version 2002 (Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 2002). Z 695.2 S67 1998, http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/ead/tglib/tlhome.html

    EAD Finding Aids Home Page, http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/ead/eadhome.html

    EAD Help Pages, http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/ead/

    California Heritage Collection, http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/calheritage/

Apr. 3rd:  Encoded Archival Description (Technical Decisions and Implementation)

Class held in 828 Lab

Guest speaker:  Elizabeth Shaw, Aziza Technology Associates

Required Reading:

    Julie Allinson, "Enabling Armchair Delivery:  Approaches to Encoding Finding Aids at the University of Liverpool," Archives and Museum Informatics 12.3-4 (1998):  253-76. [Available electronically through PittCat]

    Martin Bryan, SGML and HTML Explained (Addison Wesley Longman, 1997), http://www.sgml.u-net.com/book/sgml-1.htm

    David C. Gatrell, "Word Processing and Database Software as EAD Encoding Tools," Archives and Museum Informatics 12.3-4 (1998):  277-86.  [Available electronically through PittCat]

    Jennifer A. Marshall, "The Impact of EAD Adoption on Archival Programs:  A Pilot Survey of Early Implementers," Journal of Archival Organization 1.1 (2002):  35-51.

    James M. Roth, "Serving Up EAD:  An Exploratory Study on the Deployment and Utilization of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Finding Aids," American Archivist 64.2 (Fall/Winter 2001):  214-37.

    Jill Tatem, "EAD:  Obstacles to Implementation, Opportunities for Understanding," Archival Issues 23.2 (1998):  155-69.

    Paul B. Watry, "Delivering the Goods:  Constructing a Next-Generation Information Retrieval System for Distribution of EAD Finding Aids," Archives and Museum Informatics 12.3-4 (1998):  243-52.  [Available electronically through PittCat].

Recommended Scanning:

    Encoded Archival Description on the Internet , Daniel V. Pitti and Wendy M. Duff, eds. (Binghamton, N.Y.:  Haworth Information Press, 2001).  On reserve.

Apr. 10th:  Archives on the Web

Due:  EAD Record (electronic and paper versions)

Required Reading:

    Burt Altman and John R. Nemmers, "The Usability of On-Line Archival Resources:  The POLARIS Project Finding Aid," American Archivist 64 (Spring/Summer 2001):  121-31.

    John D'Angelo and Sherry K. Little, "Successful Web Pages:  What Are They and Do They Exist," Information Technology and Libraries 17.2 (June 1998):  71-81.

    Jenni Davidson and Donna McRostie, "Webbed Feet:  Navigating the Net," Archives and Manuscripts 24 (Nov. 1996):  330-51.

    Kathleen Feeney, "Retrieval of Archival Finding Aids Using World Wide Web Search Engines," American Archivist 62 (Fall 1999):  206-228.

    David A. Wallace, "Archives and the Information Superhighway:  Current Status and Future Challenges," International Information & Library Review 28.1 (Mar. 1996):  79-91.

    Manuscripts & Archives Tutorial, http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/tutorial/tutorial.htm

Recommended Scanning:

    Terry Abraham, "Net Worth:  Adding Value to the Archival Web Site," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archivists, San Diego, August 30, 1996, http://www.uidaho.edu/special-sollections/papers/networth.htm

    William Landis, "Archival Outreach on the World Wide Web," Archival Issues 20.2 (1995):  129-47.

    Avra Michelson and Jeff Rothenberg, "Scholarly Communication and Information Technology:  Exploring the Impact of Changes in the Research Process on Archives," American Archivist 55.2 (Spring 1992):  236-315.

    Dennis A. Trinkle, Dorothy Auchter, Scott A. Merriman, and Todd E. Larson, The History Highway:  A Guide to Internet Resources (Armonk, N.Y.:  M.E. Sharpe, 1997).  D 16.255 G65 H58 1997 (Hillman Non-Circulating)

Apr. 17th:  Representation of Electronic Records

Required Readings:

    David Bearman and Wendy Duff, "Grounding Archival Description in the Functional Requirements for Evidence," Archivaria 41 (Spring 1996):  275-303.

    Jean E. Dryden, "Archival Description of Electronic Records:  An Examination of Current Practices," Archivaria 40 (Fall 1995):  99-108.

    Margaret Hedstrom, "How Do Archivists Make Electronic Archives Useable and Accessible?" Archives and Manuscripts 26 (May 1998):  6-23.

    Heather MacNeil, "Metadata Strategies and Archival Description:  Comparing Apples to Oranges," Archivaria 39 (Spring 1995):  22-32.

    David A. Wallace, "Managing the Present:  Metadata as Archival Description," Archivaria 39 (Spring 1995):  11-21.

Recommended Scanning:

    Wendy Duff, "Will Metadata Replace Archival Description:  A Commentary," Archivaria 39 (Spring 1995):  33-38.

    Margaret Hedstrom, "Descriptive Practices for Electronic Records:  Deciding What Is Essential and Imagining What Is Possible," Archivaria 36 (Autumn 1993):  53-63.

Apr. 24th:  Representation of Moving Image and Sound Materials

Due:  Electronic version of finding aid, MARC, and EAD; and Final Paper

Required Reading:

    Abigail Leab Martin, ed., AMIA Compendium of Moving Image Cataloging Practice (Beverly Hills, Calif.:  Association of Moving Image Archivists; Chicago:  Society of American Archivists, 2001).  Skim (particularly 6-55).

    International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives, The IASA Cataloging Rules:  A Manual for Description of Sound Recordingsand Related Audiovisual Media (IASA, 1998), http://www.iasa-web.org/icat/ .  Skim, particularly introduction.

    Wendy White-Hensen, Archival Moving Image Materials:  A Cataloging Manual (Washington, D.C.:  Library of Congress, 2000).  Hillman Library Gov. Docs L40.8:AR 2/2000

    Helene Whitson and Gerry Yeager, "Arrangement and Description" and Jane Dunbar Johnson, "Cataloging" in The Administration of Television Newsfilm and Videotape Collections:  A Curatorial Manual (Los Angeles:  American Film Institute; Miami:  Louis Wolfson II Media History Center, 1997), 127-163.
 

Studies in Archival Representation and Future Research Needs

    Read one of the following studies as assigned:

    Timothy Hutchinson, "Retrieval Experiment Comparing MARC and EAD," Archivaria 44 (Fall 1997):  72-100.

    Richard H. Lytle, "Intellectual Access to Archives:  I. Provenance and Content Indexing Methods of Subject Retrieval," American Archivist 43 (Winter 1980):  64-75.

    Richard H. Lytle, "Report of an Experiment Comparing Provenance and Content Indexing Methods of Subject Retrieval," American Archivist 43 (Spring 1980):  191-206.

    Avra Michelson, "Description and Reference in the Age of Automation," American Archivist 50 (Spring 1987):  192-208.

    Fernanda Ribeiro, "Subject Indexing and Authority Control in Archives:  The Need for Subject Indexing in Archives and for an Indexing Policy Using Controlled Language," Journal of the Society of Archivists 17.1 (1996):  27-54.

    Robert P. Spindler and Richard Pearce-Moses, "Does AMC Mean 'Archives Made Confusing'? Patron Understainding of USMARC AMC Catalog Records," American Archivist 56 (Spring 1993):  330-41.

    Helen R. Tibbo, "The Epic Struggle:  Subject Retrieval from Large Bibliographic Databases," American Archivist 57 (Spring 1994):  310-26.